white house reconstruction

Throughout the remainder of the nineteenth century, and continuing to the present day, the Ku Klux Klan has been responsible for countless acts of racial violence including the deaths of thousands of voters, lynchings of African Americans, the direct targeting of southern Republican leaders after the Civil War, and successful attempts to weaken the political power of African Americans.36 Click here to learn more about the enslaved household of President Ulysses S. Grant. Antes de su establecimiento en enero de 1951, se hicieron más de 20.000 solicitudes de todo, desde clavos hasta madera carbonizada. Abraham Lincoln, “Transcript of the Proclamation,”. A principios de 1946, durante una recepción formal en el Salón Azul , la Primera Dama notó que el gran candelabro de cristal se balanceaba en el techo y sus cristales tintineaban. On May 1, 1869 Robert E. Lee visited U.S. Grant at the White House. With the end of Reconstruction marked traditionally as 1877, the final year of Grant’s presidency and transition to Rutherford B. Hayes, many of the policies put in place to help formerly enslaved individuals and enfranchise Black citizens were quickly set aside, ignored, or altered to ensure white supremacy. Contact us to receive a free estimate today. Within two months of taking office, Hayes had removed federal troops guarding statehouses in South Carolina and Louisiana, effectively ending Reconstruction.44. If the contracts were violated, offenders often went to jail, feeding into a prison system of unpaid labor.46. There were plans of tearing down the hole white house and building it the same way as it was before. Desde 1950, la Guerra de Corea trajo inflación y escasez de materiales y mano de obra clave. But I have been shaking hands since nine o’clock this morning till my arm is stiff and numb. Eric Foner, Abraham Lincoln, “Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction,”, Sarah Fling, “The Formerly Enslaved Households of President Andrew Johnson,”. On the contrary, wherever they have been left to their own devices they have shown a constant tendency to relapse into barbarism. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.”29, The Fourteenth Amendment also ensures “due process of law,” which was intended to prevent state and federal governments from discriminating against Black Americans. During the 1870s, many Republicans retreated from both the racial egalitarianism and the broad definition of federal power spawned by the Civil War. Renovación de 1902: En 1902, el presidente Theodore Roosevelt contrató al arquitecto Charles F. McKim de McKim, Mead y White para una renovación importante. This widely circulated engraving depicts the first reading of the Emancipation Proclamation in the Cabinet Room of the White House, in what is now the Lincoln Bedroom. "Running from the Temple of Liberty": The Pearl…. This allowed many states to enact Black Codes, laws limiting political, social, and economic freedoms for African Americans. El gerente de construcción en el lugar de McShain era Paul Hauck, quien también había estado a cargo del proyecto del Pentágono. "14th Amendment,”, Early Supreme Court challenges limited the impact of the Fourteenth Amendment and paved the way for increased racial discrimination. He announced his plan for Presidential Reconstruction on May 29, 1865, issuing two proclamations. In fact, as his policies unfolded, the mild terms caused many southerners to view Johnson as more of an ally than an enemy.13. Ni la Comisión ni el presidente quedaron satisfechos con el trabajo del contratista general. Además de simplemente reemplazar el interior, la mansión se modernizaría, el tercer piso se expandió, se agregaron dos niveles de sótano y habría una gran expansión de espacios subterráneos para aire acondicionado y otros servicios. The new bases represent justice, liberty, and education. El ala oeste debía mantenerse en pleno funcionamiento y ocupada por el presidente y su personal. En conjunto, fueron descritos como un "asesinato lento" de la Casa Blanca. Foner, 431; “Ulysses S. Grant,”, Several Supreme Court decisions also undercut Reconstruction legislation. Y explora la mejor biblioteca de la web de fotos de famosos e imágenes noticiosas de iStock. This still excluded several hundred high ranking officials. This painting by George Peter Alexander Healy depicts four significant Union figures toward the end of the Civil War. John McShain se encontró con el presidente en un partido de fútbol el 1 de enero de 1951 y en broma le dijo al presidente que sería en la Casa Blanca ese verano. The proclamation also announced that Black men would be allowed to enlist in the Union Army. Under this system, many formerly enslaved Black families and poor white families rented land from white owners to raise cash crops—but the terms of the contracts were set by employers, ensuring that those that worked the land received little for their efforts. The conflict came to a head on February 24, 1868, when the House of Representatives voted to impeach President Johnson. The preeminent historian of Reconstruction Eric Foner explained, “The Emancipation Proclamation and the presence of Black troops ensured that, in the last two years of the war, Union soldiers acted as an army of liberation.”4 This shift in priorities demonstrated that the United States needed to begin the difficult process of reintegrating two separate societies with distinct economies; the North and the South. Those that expected Johnson to take a strong position in punishing former Confederates and expanding Black suffrage were sorely mistaken. Instead, Johnson all but guaranteed the white South a free hand in managing its own affairs. De Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre. Esto implicó quitar un muro de carga que había sostenido el piso y las paredes de arriba y luego colgarlos del ático existente (más tarde Tercer piso) y la estructura del techo. Instead, these individuals had to personally apply for a pardon from the president.10 The second proclamation outlined a plan for North Carolina, which served as a blueprint for state efforts. Andrew Johnson ascended to the presidency, saddled with the monumental task of reconstructing the nation. La diferencia se hizo recortando otras áreas, incluido el presupuesto para muebles e interiores. It was burned by the British in 1814. Three presidential impeachments have taken place in U.S. history. En el otoño de 1949, el Congreso autorizó una financiación de $ 5,4 millones ($ 57,5 ​​millones en dólares de 2020) para todo el proyecto de reconstrucción de la Casa Blanca manteniendo las paredes exteriores en su lugar. Cada licitador llevó a cabo una selección de la experiencia y la capacidad necesarias y tuvo que completar un cuestionario detallado. Johnson also did little to halt southern states’ conscious efforts to undermine freedoms for African Americans. In United States v. Cruikshank (1876) the court overturned convictions of three white men associated with an 1873 massacre of 100 Black men in Colfax, Louisiana. Photos of the White House Gutted During Its Truman Reconstruction. By the 1890s, Jim Crow laws began to be implemented across the South in earnest, segregating public spaces, schools, and businesses, further restricting the rights and freedoms of African Americans. It is 21.34m high, 51.21m wide This did not happen. Los baños agregados a este nuevo piso fueron equipados con tuberías de segunda mano que durante los años siguientes gotearon y causaron daños por agua en los pisos inferiores. En septiembre de 1949, la Comisión invitó a licitar a los contratistas generales interesados. Comisión de Renovación de la Mansión Ejecutiva, Sociedad Estadounidense de Ingenieros Civiles, del Instituto Estadounidense de Arquitectos, la Sociedad Estadounidense de Ingenieros Civiles, Comisión de Bellas Artes de los Estados Unidos, PBS - Ecos de la Casa Blanca - cronología, Museo de la Casa Blanca (sitio web privado), Asociación Histórica de la Casa Blanca - cronologías, Fotos del interior de la reconstrucción de Truman de la Casa Blanca, Fotos exteriores de la reconstrucción de Truman de la Casa Blanca, licencia Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. You are interested in: Photos white house reconstruction. Esta página fue editada por última vez el 17 de febrero de 2021, a las 00:09, This page is based on the copyrighted Wikipedia article. Johnson also did little to halt southern states’ conscious efforts to undermine freedoms for African Americans. How many weddings have been held at the White House? En junio de 1948, una pata del piano de Margaret Truman se estrelló contra el suelo de la sala de estar del segundo piso y atravesó el techo del comedor familiar de abajo. Those present were (from left to right): Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase, President Abraham Lincoln, Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles, Secretary of the Interior Caleb B. Smith, Secretary of State William H. Seward, Postmaster General Montgomery Blair, and Attorney General Edward Bates. White House reconstruction. Poco después anunció que regresaría a la Casa Blanca dos semanas antes de lo que se había dicho anteriormente. Despite serving two years in federal prison, Davis never faced trial for treason.14 The question remains—why would Johnson abandon an assault on Confederate elites? El alcance, los costos y la autenticidad histórica del trabajo fueron controvertidos. De Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre . April 9, 1866,”, “Freedmen’s Bureau Acts of 1865 and 1866.”, Andrew Johnson, “March 27, 1866: Veto Message on Civil Rights Legislation, Transcript,”, Although the 14th Amendment includes language granting citizenship to “All persons born or naturalized in the United States,” this did not extend to Native Americans. The White House's extensive renovation took place while Trump spent 17 days at his Bedminster golf club in August and was conducted by a team of more than 200 workers. The Official File (OF) is one of the four principal series within the White House Central Files, the other three being the President's Personal File, the General File, and the Confidential File.The Official File contains materials interpreted by the White House Central Files unit as being primarily official or semi-official in nature. The white house reconstruction was also called the truman reconstruction they started doing the interior of the house in 1949-1952. Las habitaciones del State Floor fueron reconstruidas con pocos cambios significativos. The Hidden White House: Harry Truman and the Reconstruction of America’s Most Famous Residence (English Edition) eBook: Klara, Robert: Amazon.es: Tienda Kindle Instead, former enslavers and Confederates inserted themselves into these reform efforts. Fue diseñado por el mismo arquitecto y contratista que el proyecto principal y se instaló debajo de East Terrace y el jardín al sur, entre la mansión y el East Wing. The House of Representatives has the power to bring articles of impeachment against a sitting president. Despite not facing treason charges, Davis did not regain full citizenship. Para acercar la historia de la Casa Blanca a la gente, el presidente Truman realizó la primera gira televisiva de la Casa Blanca el 22 de abril de 1952 y abrió la mansión a visitas públicas; anteriormente, las giras se realizaban únicamente mediante nombramientos del Congreso. In particular, this included grappling with the end of slavery, readmitting eleven secessionist states to the Union, and addressing Black suffrage. El Congreso proporcionó $ 50,000 para una investigación más exhaustiva y se contrataron ingenieros adicionales y otros profesionales del sector privado. El método de entrega de la construcción, o tipo de contrato de construcción, era una "tarifa fija-costo más", lo que significa que el trabajo se realizaría por el costo de los materiales y la mano de obra más una tarifa fija por los gastos generales y las ganancias del contratista general. Although sharecropping varied depending on the location, crops, and time period, this exploitative system resembled slavery. The White House is the official residence and workplace of the president of the United States . Melania Trump, being best, unveiled the White House’s new tennis-court pavilion today.It’s a pretty, restrained, nicely proportioned little … Su investigación de un día concluyó con un informe emitido ese mismo día que decía que la estructura del segundo piso era un peligro de incendio y estaba en peligro de colapso. "14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution,". Dentro de la mansión se agregó un túnel de hormigón fuertemente reforzado para conectar las alas oeste y este a través del medio del nuevo sótano, lo que complicó y retrasó la construcción principal. Mantuvo una estrecha relación de trabajo con el presidente Truman durante toda su administración. May 2, 1869 NY Herald See more ideas about white house, house, inside the white house. La Comisión proporcionó un presupuesto para muebles, alfombras, cortinas y telas especiales para paredes de solo $ 210,000, un 10% menos que el costo de proporcionar cobertizos temporales durante la construcción. El personal y las Primeras Familias conocían el suelo agitado de la mansión y los sonidos misteriosos durante muchos años. For their part, white Southern Democrats did not honor their pledge to uphold the rights of Black citizens, but moved quickly to reverse as many of Reconstruction’s policies as possible. Since Republicans controlled the Senate and Democrats controlled the House of Representatives, a bipartisan electoral commission consisting of five representatives, five senators, and five Supreme Court justices settled the issue of the contested votes. The drum is supported by columns representing the states and the people. Trevor K. Plante, “Ending the Bloodshed: The Last Surrenders of the Civil War”, Andrew Johnson, “Proclamation 134—Granting Amnesty to Participants in the Rebellion, with Certain Exceptions Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley,”, Andrew Johnson, “Proclamation 135—Reorganizing a Constitutional Government in North Carolina Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley,”, President Andrew Johnson offered a general pardon in 1868 to former Confederates, throwing out the treason charge against Davis. White House Reconstruction Wikipedia The White House Reconstruction 1948 1952 Interior And Harry Truman S Extreme Home Makeover The New York Times Most recently, President Donald J. Trump was impeached in 2019 for his alleged role in soliciting foreign interference in the 2020 presidential election. La Comisión de Bellas Artes de los Estados Unidos (CFA) tenía autoridad para aprobar la mayor parte del trabajo de diseño, incluidos los interiores. "17, This racist statement was one of many that reveal Johnson’s disdain for African Americans. In 1864, President Lincoln selected Andrew Johnson as his running mate for reelection. Reconstrucción de la Casa Blanca - White House Reconstruction. The Hidden White House: Harry Truman and the Reconstruction of America's Most Famous Residence, by Robert Klara, published by Thomas Dunne, is … Casi no hubo dibujos de registro que mostraran la construcción existente, lo que requirió investigaciones adicionales y detalles para ser desarrollados durante la construcción. This even included lenient treatment for former Confederate President Jefferson Davis. El arquitecto a menudo se retrasaba al proporcionar dibujos, especificaciones y revisiones clave al contratista, en parte debido a retrasos en la obtención de numerosas aprobaciones de la Comisión. Although the legislation was eventually passed, Johnson’s vetoes were a highly visible confrontation between the executive and legislative branches. Although Tilden won the popular vote, he only obtained 184 electoral votes, just one vote shy of securing the presidency. Instead, it was a preliminary effort meant to shorten the conflict and cement white support for emancipation by presenting rebels with a choice—surrender enabled the retention of land. The Hidden White House: Harry Truman and the Reconstruction of America's Most Famous Residence: Amazon.es: Klara, Robert: Libros en idiomas extranjeros The Tenure of Office Act passed on March 2, 1867 and was meant to restrict the ability of the president to remove certain officials approved by Congress. Considered the last “Founding Father” president, James Monroe was born in 1758 into an affluent, slave owning family in Westmoreland County, Virg... Andrew Johnson’s close association with Abraham Lincoln, as both his vice president and his successor, often disguises Johnson’s own... What is it like to live at the White House? President Truman relocated to the nearby Blair House for three years while the interior of the White House was completely rebuilt with concrete and steel beams. Reconstruction, in U.S. history, the period (1865–77) that followed the American Civil War and during which attempts were made to redress the inequities of slavery and its political, social, and economic legacy and to solve the problems arising from the readmission to the Union of the 11 states that had seceded at or before the outbreak of war. However, many groups were excluded, including Confederate officials and wealthier planters with property valued at more than $20,000. Unfortunately, the amendment was flawed and efforts to undermine it quickly arose. si yo me hubiera encargado de la construcción, lo habría hecho por la mitad del dinero y en la mitad del tiempo ". Ultimately, the Democrats agreed not to block Hayes’ election if Republicans agreed to withdraw all federal troops from the South, allowing Democrats to consolidate power in the region and reestablish control. En 1946, el Congreso autorizó $ 780,000 ($ 11 millones en dólares de 2020) para reparaciones. The White House Reconstruction, also known as the Truman Reconstruction, was a comprehensive dismantling and rebuilding of the interior of the White House between 1949-1952. A mediados de 1950, el exterior de la Casa Blanca era esencialmente un caparazón que abarcaba más de un millón de pies cúbicos (28.000 m 3 ) de espacio en su mayoría vacío. The construction took place between 1948 and 1952 and was a remarkable feat of engineering. Meanwhile, returns from Louisiana, Florida, and South Carolina were disputed and both sides claimed victory. Había ocupado el cargo desde que el presidente Franklin Roosevelt lo creó para él. Reconstruction Reconstruction reshaped America along lines contested today. En 1933, Winslow ganó un concurso para diseñar una piscina en la Casa Blanca . El alcance del proyecto involucró la remoción completa del interior de la Casa Blanca, excepto el Tercer Piso, e incluyó el rescate y almacenamiento de elementos interiores críticos, la excavación de nuevos niveles de sótano y la construcción de nuevos cimientos, estructura de acero y concreto. Sin embargo, Benjamin Altman and Company entregó muebles de la más alta calidad posible diseñados y construidos por un talentoso grupo de fabricantes de muebles. The New Years’ Day reception became a White House tradition with President John Adams in 1801 and ended with President Herbert Ho... Congress passed the Compensated Emancipation Act to end slavery in the District of Columbia and President Abraham Lincoln signed the... Women are often overlooked in history for their role in the institution of slavery. The term "White House" is often used as a metonym for the president and their advisers.. The text of the oath stated: "I, ____, do solemnly swear, (or affirm) in presence of Almighty God, that I will henceforth faithfully support and defend the Constitution of the United States and the Union of the States thereunder, and that I will, in like manner, abide by and faithfully support all laws and proclamations which have been made during the existing rebellion with reference to the emancipation of slaves. Los investigadores descubrieron que los cimientos de las paredes interiores que soportan los pisos superiores y el techo eran casi inexistentes. Necesitan 100,000 firmas para que el Ejecutivo se exprese sobre la petición. El 28 de octubre de 1949, la Administración de Servicios Generales recibió ofertas de 15 contratistas generales por un monto de hasta $ 950.000 por honorarios. Desde el principio, el proyecto de reconstrucción enfrentó importantes desafíos. In 1948, President Harry Truman, enjoying a bath on the White House's second floor, almost plunged through the ceiling of the Blue Room into a tea … En 1948, las investigaciones de arquitectura e ingeniería lo consideraron inseguro para su ocupación, y el presidente Harry S. Truman , su familia y todo el personal de la residencia fueron reubicados al otro lado de la calle. El estilo que Winslow seleccionó para los acabados interiores de las salas públicas principales recreadas fue el estilo federal del período 1800-1820 de la reconstrucción del presidente Monroe. La reconstrucción de la Casa Blanca, también conocida como la Reconstrucción Truman, era un desmontaje completo y reconstrucción del interior de la Casa Blanca entre 1949-1952. El acceso a la zona de trabajo estaba muy restringido, tanto por la seguridad, el ala oeste ocupada, como por los muros exteriores de piedra que debían permanecer en su lugar. Feb 21, 2019 - Explore Mike Kellogg's board "White house reconstruction" on Pinterest. Presidents are impeached through a congressional process. Now this signature is one that will be closely examined, and if they find my hand trembled, they will say, ‘he had some compunctions.’ But, anyway, it is going to be done."1. (photosinhouse16@gmail.com) Southern corruption and instability, Reconstruction’s critics argued, stemmed from the exclusion of the region’s “best … The White House Reconstruction, also known as the Truman Reconstruction, was a comprehensive dismantling and rebuilding of the interior of the White House between 1949-1952. “The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (1868) President of the United States,” The United States Senate, Accessed June 25, 2020. Esta construcción adicional incluyó una excavación importante, un refuerzo de hormigón pesado del sótano de la mansión, la mejora del refugio antiaéreo existente y el desmantelamiento de gran parte de East Terrace y la columnata. Se restringió el número de ocupantes en el segundo piso, se hicieron arreglos temporales a algunas de las vigas y se erigieron soportes tipo andamio en todo el alojamiento del segundo piso de la Primera Familia. The White House was deteriorating and it was determined that massive reconstruction was required. Ese año fue un año de elecciones y el presidente temía que la noticia del colapso de la Casa Blanca sirviera como una metáfora poco halagadora para su administración. The United States Constitution states in Article One, Section 9: “The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the Public Safety may require it.” Kianna Wright, The Enforcement Act of 1870, Grant’s use of the military in South Carolina was the direct result of a number of violent incidents, including a January 1871 incident where 500 Klansmen descended on the Union County jail and lynched eight Black prisoners. Si bien la Comisión estuvo a cargo general del proyecto, el gerente del proyecto, la administración diaria y el contratista que ejecutó el trabajo, el presidente Truman fue un participante muy influyente desde el diseño inicial y en todas las etapas de la construcción. Ulysses S. Grant won the presidency in 1868 with an overwhelming victory after campaigning with the slogan, “Let Us Have Peace.” One of President Grant’s most significant accomplishments during Reconstruction was his effort to combat the Ku Klux Klan (KKK). El acceso fue a través de la esquina noreste del nuevo nivel del sótano. The Hidden White House: Harry Truman and the Reconstruction of America’s Most Famous Residence by Robert Klara was is about the 1949-53 rebuilding of the president's mansion, revealing its secrets while offering an interesting view of President Truman's character. Carter hoped the legislation was a move to bring “the long process of reconciliation” to a close., 190-191; “The Pardon of Jefferson Davis and the 14th Amendment,”, Andrew Johnson, “Third Annual Message Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley,”. The first bill, passed on March 3, 1865, created the bureau. Demoler el edificio por completo y construir una nueva mansión ejecutiva. The residence was designed by Irish-born … Although he cautiously granted pardons at first, by 1866, 7,000 of the 15,000 individuals excluded from general amnesty had received individual pardons directly from Johnson. WHITE HOUSE David Hayes has ideas for blunting climate disasters ... communities to consider using natural infrastructure and to focus on the long-term resilience of post-disaster reconstruction. For example, the amendment introduced the phrase “male” to the Constitution, indicating that voting rights would not be extended to women. Estimó que el costo de las reparaciones podría ser de $ 1 millón. "Cuando esos pisos crujieron, sabías que Lincoln había estado caminando antes que tú". Para octubre, la nueva estructura de acero permanente estaba en su lugar y comenzó la construcción de pisos de concreto suspendido para reemplazar la antigua estructura de madera y mampostería. El número total de habitaciones casi se duplicó a 132. Feb 28, 2013. The end of federal control in the South ultimately led to increased disenfranchisement and intimidation of Black voters. Drawing of the White House from the Appletons' Cyclopædia of … In 1948 Truman appointed a Commission on the Renovation of the Executive Mansion that decided to retain the original walls, the third floor and the roof, while removing and then … Se amplió el tercer piso y se reemplazó el solárium de la azotea. The structure is undergoing "reconstruction" as the bases of the columns of former Confederate states are replaced with new ones. Las habitaciones del segundo piso se ajustaron para proporcionar armarios empotrados y baños adicionales, pero por lo demás se reconstruyeron en gran medida como antes. The White House was deteriorating and it was determined that massive reconstruction was required. Las deficiencias incluían que la cocina principal no estuviera operativa a tiempo para una visita de estado; algunas habitaciones sin enchufes eléctricos; chimeneas con corrientes de aire que hacen que las habitaciones no sean aptas para dormir; y se encontró que los fregaderos de la cocina eran demasiado pequeños para el servicio de la cena. El presidente Truman expresó públicamente elogios por el trabajo realizado, pero la noche de su regreso a la Casa Blanca, escribió en su diario personal: "Con todos los problemas y preocupaciones que vale la pena - pero no 5 .mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap} Foner, 532-534. Republicans in Congress believed that the president would sign the legislation. Los investigadores encontraron que las tablas del piso se habían podrido, la viga principal del piso estaba completamente dividida y el techo debajo había caído 18 pulgadas (46 cm). Un siglo y medio de destrucción y reconstrucción durante la guerra, renovaciones apresuradas, adiciones de nuevas Los servicios, las tecnologías, el tercer piso agregado y los cimientos inadecuados llevaron la parte de la Residencia Ejecutiva del Complejo de la Casa Blanca a un colapso casi inminente. This was meant as an intimidation tactic against Congress. La mayoría fueron desmantelados, etiquetados, catalogados y almacenados cuidadosamente. La Primera Familia se trasladó del oeste al extremo este del piso. Contracts kept workers under strict control. Se erigieron cobertizos y edificios temporales en el jardín sur. National Park Service photographer Abbie Rowe captured the entire process on film and the below galleries document the transformation. La Primera Familia regresó a la Casa Blanca la noche del 27 de marzo de 1952. It was originally published in Harper's Weekly Magazine. The White House in the 1860s during the Civil War. President Johnson may have removed Stanton and appointed Grant as a direct challenge to this law. The 1870 act intended to restrict the KKK and other white supremacist organizations from harassing African Americans and enacted penalties for interfering in any male citizen’s right to vote. It also allowed the president the ability to suspend the writ of habeas corpus or use the military in regions with terrorist activities.39. Bajo el programa, la gente puede solicitar un formulario de pedido. Citizens of the United States of America, I am happy to announce the construction of the White House has now been finished.
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